Estado nutricional y su relación con el consumo alimentario y nivel de actividad física en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19

La pandemia por COVID-19 ha generado cambios en la salud de las personas. El objetivo fue analizar el estado nutricional y su relación con consumo alimentario, nivel de actividad física en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19, en adultos que asistieron a centro de nutrición. Estudio analítico, transversal, muestra no probabilística, de 81 adultos de 20-61 años, considerando criterios de elegibilidad. La recolección de datos fue a través de cuestionario de consumo alimentario validado (IPAQ) y de actividad física (AF). El análisis estadístico utilizó STATA, versión 16.0. Para evaluar asociación de variables se utilizó pruebas de Chi-cuadrado o exacta de Fisher. La Población estuvo conformada por mujeres (76,6%), de 40-50 años (45,7%), educación universitaria (67,9%), residencia urbana (86,4%) y nivel de ingreso entre deciles 7 a 10 (90,1%). La ganancia de peso auto informada fue de 1 a 6 kilos. Predominó estado nutricional de malnutrición por exceso (86,4%). Los alimentos de mayor consumo fueron de los grupos de huevos y carnes (91,4%), papas, legumbres, frutas y verduras (82,7%), bebidas gaseosas, productos de pastelería, comida chatarra (82,2%). Se observó aumento en el consumo de alimentos después de la cena, en la compra por Delivery, y un nivel de AF bajo (40,7%). No se observó relación entre estado nutricional y consumo alimentario, tampoco con nivel de AF (p>0,05). Se concluye que no hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre estado nutricional con el consumo alimentario y tampoco con el nivel de AF (p>0,05), sin embargo, en los encuestados con malnutrición por exceso predominó un nivel de AF bajo o moderado.

The COVID-19 Pandemic has caused changes in people's health. The objective was to analyze the nutritional state and its connection with food consumption and level of physical activity in times of the COVID-19 Pandemic in adults who attend nutrition centers. this was an analytic and transverse study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 81 adults aged 20-61, considering eligibility criteria. Data were collected by an IPAQ and a validated food consumption questionnaire. STATA 16.0 version was used for the statistical analysis. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate the association of variables. Mostly female population (76.6%) aged 40-50 (45.7%), university education (67.9%), urban residence (86.4%), and income level among the highest deciles 7 to 10 (90.1%). Weight gain self-informed from 1 to 6 kilograms. The nutritional state of malnutrition by excess was observed in 86.4%. The highest consumption foods belonged to the groups of eggs and meat (91.4%), potatoes, legumes, fruit and vegetables (82.7%), soda, pastry products, and junk food (82.2%). Food consumption after dinner and delivery food buying increased, and a low PA level (40.7%). No connection between nutritional state and food consumption was observed, nor with physical activity level (p>0.05). As a conclusion, there wasn't a statistically significant association between the nutritional state and the food consumption or physical activity level in the studied group (p>0.05). However, respondents with excess malnutrition had a predominantly low or moderate level of PA.

Predictive Equations Overestimate Resting Metabolic Rate in Young Chilean Women with Excess Body Fat.

Underestimating/overestimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) affects energy prescription. The objective was to compare RMR by indirect calorimetry (RMR IC) and RMR estimated by predictive equations in women with excess body fat. This was an analytical cross-sectional study with 41 women aged 18-28 with overnutrition according to body composition. The RMR IC was measured and RMR estimated using the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), Harris-Benedict, and Mifflin-St Jeor equations. The percentage of adequacy (90-110%), overestimation (>110%), and underestimation (<90%) were evaluated for RMR IC. Data were described by percentiles because of non-normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Bland-Altman analysis were applied at a significance level of α < 0.05. The RMR IC was 1192 and 1183 calories/day (p = 0.429) in women with obesity and overweight, respectively. The FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), Harris-Benedict, and Mifflin-St Jeor equations overestimated the RMR IC by 283.2, 311.2, 292.7, and 203.0 calories/day and by 296.7, 413.8, 280.0, and 176.6 calories/day for women with overweight and obesity (p < 0.001), respectively. The Harris-Benedict adjusted weight (0.5) equation underestimated RMR IC by 254.7 calories/day. The predictive equations overestimated RMR IC in women with excess body fat. The Mifflin-St Jeor equation showed less overestimation and better adequacy, but was not exempt from inaccuracy.

Predictive Equation to Estimate Resting Metabolic Rate in Older Chilean Women.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) depends on body fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), whereas abdominal fat distribution is an aspect that has yet to be adequately studied. The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of waist circumference (WC) in predicting RMR and propose a specific estimation equation for older Chilean women. This is an analytical cross-sectional study with a sample of 45 women between the ages of 60 and 85 years. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and WC were evaluated. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) and %FM using the Siri equation. Adequacy (90% to 110%), overestimation (>110%), and underestimation (<90%) of the FAO/WHO/UNU, Harris−Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor, and Carrasco equations, as well as those of the proposed equation, were evaluated in relation to RMR as measured by IC. Normal distribution was determined according to the Shapiro−Wilk test. The relationship of body composition and WC with RMR IC was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. The RMR IC was 1083.6 ± 171.9 kcal/day, which was significantly and positively correlated with FFM, body weight, WC, and FM and inversely correlated with age (p < 0.001). Among the investigated equations, our proposed equation showed the best adequacy and lowest overestimation. The predictive formulae that consider WC improve RMR prediction, thus preventing overestimation in older women.

Association between Maternal Factors, Preterm Birth, and Low Birth Weight of Chilean Singletons.

There has been an increase in preterm (PT) births in Western countries in recent years, which is associated with low-birthweight (LBW) children. The aim of this study was to determine the association between maternal factors and PT and LBW Chilean newborns. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study of a national sample of 903,847 newborns and their mothers. The newborn gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, marital status, education, employment situation, and residence were analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied (α = 0.05) (STATA v.15). The prevalence was 6.8% and 5.0% for PT and LBW, respectively. The probability of the newborns being PT and LBW was 1.18 and 1.22 times if their mothers had <12 years of education and 1.38 and 1.29 times if the mothers were ≥35 years old, respectively. Mothers with <12 years education and ≥35 years were risk factors for PT and LBW newborns. Maternal educational attainment was a protective factor for the Chilean newborns, and a maternal age ≥35 years was a risk factor for PT and LBW.

Obese Women Have a High Carbohydrate Intake without Changes in the Resting Metabolic Rate in the Luteal Phase.

Hormonal changes are caused by the menstrual cycle phases, which influence resting metabolic rate and eating behavior. The aim of the study was to determine resting metabolic rate (RMR) and its association with dietary intake according to the menstrual cycle phase in lean and obese Chilean women. This cross-sectional analytical study included 30 adult women (15 lean and 15 with obesity). Body composition was measured with a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance meter. Nutritional status was determined by adiposity. A 24-h recall of three nonconsecutive days verifies dietary intake. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. All measurements were performed in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA software at a significance level, which was α = 0.05. The RMR (ß = 121.6 kcal/d), temperature (ß = 0.36 °C), calorie intake (ß = 317.1 kcal/d), and intake of lipids (ß = 13.8 g/d) were associated with the luteal phase in lean women. Only extracellular water (ß = 1.11%) and carbohydrate consumption (ß = 45.2 g/d) were associated in women with obesity. Lean women showed increased RMR, caloric intake, and lipid intake during the luteal phase. For women with obesity, carbohydrate intake increased but not RMR.

Association of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight with Gestational Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 Particulate Matter in Chileans Newborns.

Fetal growth can be affected by gestational exposure to air pollution. The aim of the study was to determine the association between prematurity and low birth weight (LBW) with gestational exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter in Chileans newborns. This cross-sectional analytical study included 595,369 newborns. Data were extracted from the live newborn records of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Sex, gestational age, birth weight, and living variables were analyzed. We used the Air Quality Information System of the Chilean Ministry of the Environment to obtain mean PM2.5 and PM10 emissions. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed with STATA 15.0 software at α < 0.05. Prevalence was 7.4% prematurity and 5.5% LBW. Mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 25.5 µg/m3 and 55.3 µg/m3, respectively. PM2.5 was associated with an increased the risk of LBW (OR: 1.031; 95%CI: 1.004−1.059) when exposure occurred in the second trimester, while PM10 affected the whole pregnancy. In addition, PM10 exposure in any gestational trimester was associated with an increased the risk of prematurity. The PM10 particulate matter was associated with both prematurity and LBW in all of the trimesters of exposure. The PM2.5 particulate matter was only associated with LBW when exposure occurred in the second gestational trimester.

Efecto de ingesta de calcio del desayuno en la termogénesis alimentaria y oxidación de grasas postprandial en mujeres con sobrepeso / Effect of Breakfast Calcium Intake on Food Thermogenesis and Posprandial Fat Oxidation in Overweight Women

Resumen Antecedentes: una alta ingesta de calcio se relaciona con mayor termogénesis alimentaria y oxidación de grasa posprandial. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de calcio del desayuno con termogénesis alimentaria y oxidación de grasas posprandial, en mujeres con sobrepeso. Materiales y métodos: estudio experimental, aleatorizado, conformado por 16 mujeres (ocho en el grupo experimental y ocho en el grupo control) entre 20-25 años. Se evaluó IMC, composición corporal mediante bioimpedanciometría, tasa metabólica en reposo en ayuno y posprandial mediante calorimetría indirecta, oxidación de grasa mediante cociente respiratorio y vitamina D sérica por radioinmunoensayo. Se administró al azar un desayuno isocalórico (377 kcal), alto en calcio (625 mg) o habitual en calcio (306 mg). Se describió con mediana y percentiles, y se comparó con pruebas Mann-Whitney y Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas. Resultados: la mediana de masa grasa y masa libre de grasa fue 30,9 % (27,5-33,9); 69,1 % (66,2-72,5) en el grupo experimental y 32,2 % (30,1-34,7); 67,8 % (65,3-69,9) en el grupo control (p=0,372). El grupo experimental mostró un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la termogénesis posprandial después del desayuno (p=0,035). Ambos grupos mostraron una mediana en cociente respiratorio posprandial aproximado a 1, (p=0,207), oxidando preferentemente carbohidratos. Conclusiones: las mujeres con desayuno alto en calcio presentan posterior al desayuno mayor termogénesis alimentaria, pero no mayor oxidación de grasa posprandial.

Abstract Background: High calcium intake is related to higher food thermogenesis and posprandial fat oxidation. Objective: Evaluate the calcium intake level at breakfast and both food thermogenesis and posprandial fat oxidation in overweight women. Materials and Methods: Experimental study with a random sample of 16 women, experimental group (8) and control group (8) aged 20-25 years. BMI, body composition by bioimpedance, resting metabolic rate at fasting, and posprandial were evaluated by indirect calorimetry; fat oxidation by respiratory quotient; and serum vitamin D by radioimmunoassay. Two types of isocaloric (377 kcal) breakfasts that were high (625 mg) or habitual (306 mg) in calcium were randomly administered. Results were described by medians and percentiles, which were compared by the Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon matched-paired test. Results: Median fat mass and fat-free mass was 30.9 % (27.5-33.9) and 69.1 % (66.2-72.5), and 32.2 % (30.1-34.7) and 67.8% (65.3-69.9) in the experimental and control group, respectively (p=0.372). The experimental group exhibited a statistically significant increase in posprandial breakfast thermogenesis (p=0.035). Both groups showed an approximate posprandial RQ median of 1 (p=0.207); they tended to oxidize carbohydrates. Conclusions: Women who consumed a high calcium breakfast exhibited higher post-breakfast food thermogenesis, but posprandial fat oxidation was not higher.

Estado nutricional de escolares de 4.° año de enseñanza básica y su relación con el ingreso económico, conocimiento en alimentación saludable, nutrición y percepción de sus madres / Relationship Between Nutritional Status of 4 Grade Schoolchildren and Income, Healthy Eating and Nutrition Knowledge Level, and Perception of Their Mothers

Resumen Antecedentes: el nivel de conocimiento de las madres sobre alimentación saludable y nutrición y su relación con el estado nutricional de sus hijos escolares ha sido poco estudiado en Chile. Objetivo: determinar la relación del estado nutricional de escolares de 4.° año de enseñanza básica con el nivel socioeconómico, conocimiento en alimentación saludable, nutrición y percepción de sus madres en colegios particulares subvencionados de San Carlos, Chile. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico de corte transversal con una muestra de 108 madres y 108 escolares. El nivel de conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable y nutrición de las madres se evaluó con una encuesta validada previamente. El estado nutricional de los escolares se determinó mediante el Índice de Masa Corporal. Se utilizó la prueba ji al cuadrado y test exacto de Fisher con un nivel de significancia α=0,05 mediante programa STATA 14. Resultados: 67,8 % de los escolares presentaron malnutrición por exceso, no se relacionó con tiempos de comida (p=0,52), nivel de ingreso familiar (p>0,05), conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable (p=0,87) ni nutrición de sus madres (p=0,33). Se determinó la relación del estado nutricional de los escolares con el sexo (p<0,05) y percepción materna (p<0,0001). Conclusión: el estado nutricional de los escolares no se relaciona estadísticamente con el nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación saludable y nutrición de sus madres, aun cuando su nivel de conocimiento es insuficiente.

Abstract Background: Very few studies exist in Chile about the relationship between the level of healthy eating and nutrition knowledge of mothers and their children's nutritional status. Objetive: To determine the relationship between the nutritional status of Grade 4 schoolchildren from subsidized schools in San Carlos, Chile, and their mothers' income, healthy eating and nutrition knowledge, and perception. Materials and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study with a sample of 108 mothers and 108 schoolchildren. Mothers answered a previously validated survey to evaluate their healthy eating and nutrition knowledge level. The schoolchildren's nutritional status was determined by the body mass index. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test at significance level α=0.05 was used with the STATA 14.0 program. Results: Overnutrition was found in 67.8% of the schoolchildren, which was not related to mealtimes (p=0.52), income level (p>0.05), healthy eating knowledge (p=0.87), and mothers' nutrition (p=0.33). The relationship between nutritional status and gender (p<0.05) and the mothers' perception of their children's NS (p<0.0001) was determined. Conclusion: The schoolchildren's nutritional status was not statistically related to their mothers' healthy eating and nutrition knowledge level even when the knowledge level was insufficient.